1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.
分析：本句的主干結構是：Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell. Turner 是美國歷史學(xué)家。under a spell：被迷住，著(zhù)迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修飾主語(yǔ)，起分割主謂的作用。而其中的狀語(yǔ)從句when they considered women at all 是定語(yǔ)從句who considered women in the West中的狀語(yǔ)成分。
2. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.
分析：本句的主干結構是：…there were negotiations and…threats of failure。“overcome by…”是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，修飾 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式“to succeed”被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination”分割。
3. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.
分析：the claim 和其同位語(yǔ) that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定語(yǔ)從句that Americans often made 分割。同位語(yǔ)從句在翻譯時(shí)可按照順序翻譯，將其翻譯為分句。
4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.
分析：in trying to solve插在 the problem 和定語(yǔ)從句which…之間，起到承上啟下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics為investigations 的后置定語(yǔ)，起到分割作用。
6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States—a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.
分析：insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中間被插入語(yǔ)as a first consideration 分割，做進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。該句選自美國前總統羅斯福在1933年的就職演說(shuō)。漢語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞用得較多，翻譯時(shí)可把名詞轉譯為動(dòng)詞。
7. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.
分析：該句包含了并列結構被分割的情況。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列結構，作two other reasons的同位語(yǔ)。但是被非限定性定語(yǔ)從句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。
8. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.
分析：這是一個(gè)由but引導的并列句。前一分句較簡(jiǎn)單，who引導的從句作those 的定語(yǔ)，but 后的從句較復雜，從句套從句，for retention…dead是argument的定語(yǔ)。因為它比較長(cháng)，所以把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞can be found放在它和argument之間，形成分割結構。該句較長(cháng)，可以分為三層：第一層是those…retention，第二層是but…mumbo-jumbo，第三層是that accompanies…dead?；旧峡刹捎庙樞蚍ǚg。
9. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.
分析：這是一個(gè)很典型的分割結構。主干結構是：The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action，application和修飾它的介詞短語(yǔ)被一個(gè)長(cháng)長(cháng)的by短語(yǔ)分割。
10.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.
分析：連詞as 引導的比較狀語(yǔ)從句中，it 代替for two old people to be。to be 后省略了fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。
11. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.
分析：該句包含了并列結構被分割的情況。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列結構，作two other reasons的同位語(yǔ)。但是被非限定性定語(yǔ)從句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。
12. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.
分析：這是一個(gè)由but引導的并列句。前一分句較簡(jiǎn)單，who引導的從句作those 的定語(yǔ)，but 后的從句較復雜，從句套從句，for retention…dead是argument的定語(yǔ)。因為它比較長(cháng)，所以把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞can be found放在它和argument之間，形成分割結構。該句較長(cháng)，可以分為三層：第一層是those…retention，第二層是but…mumbo-jumbo，第三層是that accompanies…dead?；旧峡刹捎庙樞蚍ǚg。
13. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.
分析：這是一個(gè)很典型的分割結構。主干結構是：The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action，application和修飾它的介詞短語(yǔ)被一個(gè)長(cháng)長(cháng)的by短語(yǔ)分割。
